RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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      In conducting a research, the first condition which has to be fulfilled is that there must be a “problem”. The problem can we take from around (classroom, school, community, education, etc). After we have a problem, the next stage of research is making hypothesis. The hypothesis can be simply meant as a “guess” to the problem. Besides, hypothesis is a guess about the answer to our research question. A hypothesis is often described as an attempt by the researcher to explain the phenomenon of interest; moreover, the hypothesis has several importance, a) it can organize the efforts of researchers, and enable them to understand the problem with greater clarity and provide them with a framework for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting their data, b) it can be deduced from theory, c) it can be tested empirically and experimentally, d) it can be a powerful tool for the advancement of knowledge.
     The next stage after making hypothesis is deciding the research instruments. There are several types of research, a) Experimental Research, b) Ex Post Facto, c) Classroom Action Research, d) Correlational Research, e) Historical Research, f) Library Research, g) Developmental Research, h) Case Study, & i) Follow up Research. We choose one of them which match with our research. 
     After deciding the research instruments, of course, we have to find the data. The data can be gained through a) tests, b) questionnaires, c) interviews, d) blank sheets, and e) survey sheets. Before the data can be analyzed, it must be valid and reliable.

1. Why the data must be valid?
      It is caused validity is an important key to effective research. If a research is invalid, then it is worthless.

2. Why the data must be reliable?
     It is caused reliability concerns with precision and accuracy. Besides, reliability makes the data controllable, predictable, consistent, and replicable.

      We have already got valid and reliable data, the next stage is analyzing it so that we find the findings upon the problem. Therefore, all stages of research are interconnected to each other.

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