Teaching English as Foreign Language

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1. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
      Definition: GTM is a method of teaching foreign language, by which this method is divided into two pairs, i.e.: rules, and paradigms, and sentence for translation into and out of the target language. It is also included rote learning of grammar rules, learning to put grammatical labels on words, and learning to apply the rules by translating sentences.
 
Advantage:
  • It is easier to present language materials in classroom, and to evaluate the process of language teaching,
  • With a little English proficiency can teach the language (fluency in English is not required to language teachers since through GTM, the teachers teach English in students’ first language.
Disadvantage:
  • This method is ineffective to teach the target language communicatively,
  • For those who do not respond well to such a learning process, the language class taught through this method may be boring.
  
2. DIRECT METHOD
      Definition: DM is a method by which the materials are taught through gestures, and pictures, and through the use of words already known. Grammar is also taught but done in inductive way through the study of text and also orally. In other words, learning the foreign language is done directly using the target language by which the main purpose of this method is not asked about the knowledge of the language, but they are asked to use the language naturally in real communication.
 
Advantage:
  • Self-correction is more emphasized than teacher-correction; this will make the students think in the target language, not to do parroting.
Disadvantage:
  • This method has no standardized procedures characterize the method; this causes confusion among language teachers.
 
3. AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
      Definition: ALM is a method by which the use of dialogued as the chief means of presenting the language, and the primary aim is the ability in communication; language learners, and their language teacher should use the target language all the time. Besides, ALM is also has cultural aims, like the learners understand daily life of native people, customs, or culture of other countries. Both grammar, and vocabularies are not taught of as a logical arrangement of form, meanings, paradigms, and rules extracted from the written language, but the spoken language.
 
Advantage:
  • The students can speak, and understand the target language more naturally because they are exposed directly to the target language in dialogues by which the dialogues are carried out by native speakers so that at the end of teaching process, they are able to communicate in the target language with native-speaker-like pronunciation.
Disadvantage:
  • Language learners must understand clearly what is involved, and required. If not, they are going to be frustrated and then stop learning the target language (they do not know what to do).
 
4. READING METHOD
      Definition: RM is a theory of language teaching which deliberately restricted the goal of language instruction to one of practical attainable utility. The use of language instruction is not banned in language instruction.
 
Advantage:
  • This method has strongly main focused in reading ability so that the language learners are able to recognize, or vocabularies in certain context.
Disadvantage:
  • Because the method focuses in reading, the language learners will consume much more time, and also they will be hard in remembering all of the vocabularies as the vocabularies are provided only in a text, not in a context of spoken.
 
5. AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
      Definition: AVM is a method by which the teacher use filmstrip, and tape presentation combination to introduce foreign language, and step of teaching procedures are fallen into several stages, from one stage to next stages are modified. This method is emphasized listening, and speaking skill; otherwise, reading, and writing skills are delayed. In sum, the learners are encouraged to absorb in a global fashion the utterances they hear on the tape in the context they see on the screen, in other words, not to analyze.
 
Advantage: 
  • Language learners are able to master the target language since this method functions both right and left brain, and emphasizes in speaking and listening skill.
Disadvantage:
  • The students are required to have a good technique in memorizing since in the nest stage of teaching methods, they are asked to recall the commentary or make up their own of subject matter of the scenario.
 
6. COGNITIVE THEORY
      Definition: CT is less concerned with the primacy of the audio-lingual skills; it attaches, more importance to the learners’ understanding of the structure of the foreign language than to the facility in using that structure since it is believed that provided the students have a proper degree of cognitive control over the structures of the language, facility will develop automatically with use of the language in meaningful situations.
 
Advantage:
  • This theory is more oriented in structure of foreign language; therefore, they have a proper degree of cognitive control over the structure of the language.
Disadvantage:
  • Because the method is emphasizes in structure, of course, the purpose of the method is not to give the language learners a competence in communicating, but a knowledge to analyze structures of language.
 
 
 
 
 
 

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